Seventeenth Century Verse Satire

17^th century, more especially the Restoration Age was essentially the age of satire. The habit of judging and condemning society gave birth to the spirit of satire. The open denunciations of false spiritual authorities become not only a duty but a pleasure with the restoration writers. Political strife also aggravated the spirit of satire. Whigs and Tories engaged themselves in the pen-war. French influence also contributed because satire was in fashion in France and Boileau was its brilliant exponent. The writers translated and imitated the old masters of satire like Persius, Horace, and Juvenal; and lastly, the general classical taste of the age rise to the spirit of satire during the period.

Industrial Revolution

The Encyclopedia Britannica defines an industrial revolution “as the change that transforms a people with peasant occupations and local markets into an industrial society with worldwide competitions.” In England, industrial revolution occurred between 1750 and 1850. It refers to a succession of changes which transformed England from a predominantly rural and agriculture country into a prominently urban and manufacturing nation.

Bacon: As an Essayist

As a man of letters, Bacon is popularly known for his prose style. His way of writing shares, no doubt, a number of qualities with that of Elizabethan and Jacobean writers; but it have, at the time, some special features of its own. Thus, it remains for the main part of the aphoristic--- with the result that Bacon is the most quotable writer of the world. His essays are remarkable for their brevity. His sentences are short and rapid but they are forceful. In other words, as Dean Church observes “They come down like the strokes of a hammer”.

Richardson's Contribution to Novel

Richardson was a self mage man who started life with a few advantages and his achievement was distinguishes. He wrote three novels Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison. All the three are epistolary novels. “Though he did not invent the form, Richardson did invent the novel of common life, eschewing the improbable and the marvelous.” He gave his readers sentiment enough to please the most emotional to them.  His deliberate, minute, detailed method enabled him to gave the utmost effect to this sentiment note. Richardson’s method was cumulative. For example, in Pamela, each letter is rather more harrowing than the one preceding. In Clarissa, each scene is more poignant until the climax is reached.

Thoery of Evolution: Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin is English naturalist who brought out his monumental work The Origins of Species by Means of natural Selection on November 24, 1859. It presents the theory of evolution. It can be summed up in three facts and two dedications facts: 

1. Every spices increase in geometric manner

2. The actual size of population in species remains approximately the same over long period of time.

3. There is variation with every spices 

Tess of the D'Urbervilles: Hardy

Realism has been the dominant narrative tradition of English fiction. In his seminal book “The Rise of the Novel”, Ian Watt described “realism formal” as the defining feature of the novel. Victorian novel beautifully fits into this definition. All the major novelists like Dickens, Eliot, Thackerey, remains faithful to the society and described social life in their novel; but Hardy’s novel do not fit into the realistic mode. His novel are expression of personal philosophy rather then rendition expression of an outer society.